Antonio Caldara / J. S. Bach: Sanctus G major BWV 240 (c. 1742)

Arrangement of the opening section of the "Gloria" from an anonymous Mass in G (Antonio Caldara?), which has survived incompletely in the archives of the Prague Canons Regular.
In J. S. Bach's music library there was an arrangement of the Gloria opening section, reworked into a Sanctus, including a parody of the text (presumably) by J. S. Bach. This copy of the score (dated 1742) of the Sanctus was made by Bach himself (D-B: P 13, fasc. 2)

Antonio Caldara
born 1670 in Venice
died 28 Dec. 1736 in Vienna

Johann Sebastian Bach
born 31 March 1685 in Eisenach
died 28 July 1750 in Leipzig


First performance
around 1742 in Leipzig by J. S. Bach

For comparison:
The manuscript of the Mass in B minor dates from 1748/1749.

The exclamation ‘Kadosh, kadosh, kadosh’ (Holy, holy, holy) is an important part of the Kedushah section of the Amida prayer, the main prayer in every Jewish service. The congregation stands on tiptoe for each kadosh, a symbolic act to come a little closer to ‘his name’. ‘Kadosh’ means ‘to distinguish’ or simply to be ‘different’. One confesses the otherness of transcendence in order to come closer to it. In the Catholic mass, the threefold Sanctus stands at the beginning of the central high prayer. The Thrice-Holy comes from the vision of Isaiah, with which he reacted 2700 years ago to the extremely threatening situation of Israel at the time. His vision illustrates that the political events of the time both challenged and frightened him. It is from this vision that the thrice-hallowed hymn was written, which has since made not only liturgical but also musical history:

1 In the year in which King Uzziah died,
I had a vision:
I saw the Lord
sitting on a towering throne.
The trains of his robe
filled the entire temple hall.
2 Seraphim stood serving before him.
Each of them had six wings.
With two he covered his face,
with two his legs,
and with two he flew.
3 The one shouted to the other:
"Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of hosts!
His glorious splendour fills the whole earth."
4 The thresholds shook at their loud cry,
and the temple was filled with smoke."
(Isa 6:1-4)


For his magnificent Mass in B minor (BWV 232), which became a kind of inventory of his sacred vocal art towards the end of his life, Johann Sebastian Bach chose his most impressive setting of the Sanctus in D major from all his Sanctus compositions: First performed in 1724, later performed again in 1743 and 1748, formally structured as a prelude (the Sanctus part) followed by a fugue (Pleni sunt coeli et terra), composed for 6-part choir according to the indications of Isaiah. However, there is evidence that Bach examined other Sanctus settings for his legacy of sacred music, which he composed himself or took over from colleagues and performed himself on occasion.
Here I would like to point out the short G major Sanctus BWV 240, which in comparison to the D major Sanctus of the Mass in B minor has a marginal existence in terms of performance, although Bach chose it for several of his own performances and arranged it for his ecclesiastical duties. It is now known that it is not an original composition by Bach. Bach research has shown that it can be attributed to the work of Antonio Caldara (1670 - 1736), a contemporary of Bach's who came from Venice and worked in Vienna.
The fact that Bach performed this work still speaks for the quality and originality of this music today. It does not have the visionary gravity reminiscent of the calling of Isaiah. It is more reminiscent of the Christmas story and its angel choirs. The Sanctus by Caldara / Bach is lighter and more upbeat, it is memorable due to the continuously rising scale motif and its brevity.
Both Sanctus settings - the well-known Sanctus from the Mass in B minor as well as the Caldara Sanctus - can open the attentive listener to the spiritual, the one through its force and seriousness, the other through its lightness and baroque buoyancy, two aspects of holiness that can draw attention to the hidden otherness (transcendence) and the immediate closeness (immanence) of the sacred.


Listen here (2'30 ca.)!


Listening companion:

The soprano voice of the choir opens the vision of the saint with great ease with an upward-swinging gesture, the G major scale. This is immediately followed by a simple, rhythmic, contrapuntal counter-motif. The tenor canonically imitates these memorable motif gestures and the entire choir follows with contrapuntal motif realisations.

In a short interlude, the orchestra mirrors the choir in milder tonal colours. The first oboe and first violins begin with the soaring scale motif on the dominant, while the first and second oboes and violins then sing out the counter-motif broadly.

The choral choir then starts again with the soaring opening motif, harmonically varied in a sophisticated way, the other choral voices respond and the oboes play their counterpoint motif. Moved, the choral voices lead imperceptibly to the ‘Pleni-sunt-coeli’ and end in a final cadenza on ‘gloria ejus’ in E major. Under the leadership of the oboes, contemplation returns in a short orchestral interlude.

However, the alto and bass voices immediately recall the constant soaring of the seraphine and open up a kind of canonical narrowing of the musical motifs and, in the spirit of the vision of Isaiah, musically depict how some call out their holiness to others. The choir then turns more and more to the ‘Pleni sunt coeli et terra’, i.e. the pan-en-theistic view that God's splendour - ‘gloria eius’ - is recognisable in everything. The initial Sanctus motif withdraws more and more into the orchestra and disappears completely at the end in the joint D major jubilation of the orchestra and choir.

Bach probably added this festive ‘angel's song’ to the Leipzig Protestant liturgy at Christmas services. The fact that this Sanctus was later included in the Bach catalogue of works means that this festive work can still be performed today. In any case, Bach found this work perfectly suitable for use in church services and definitely worth performing in its revised form.

Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus
Dominus Deus Sabaoth.
Pleni sunt caeli et terra
gloria tua.

Holy, holy, holy,
Lord God of hosts.
Heaven and earth are full
of thy glory

Note for music lovers:

Website: Unknown Violin Concertos

 

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